Holistic care of a terminally-ill neonate in Australia - Free Essay Example

In the Australian tertiary health care system, best practice in the care of a terminally-ill neonate and the neonates family centres on the provision of holistic care. Neonates and their families are considered an interdependent system; therefore, holistic care involves the complete physical and psychological care of both the neonate and the family. However, quality holistic care can be challenging for nurses to achieve, particularly in a complex palliative model of care. This paper discusses the best practice holistic care of a terminally ill neonate and the neonates family in the context of the Australian tertiary health care system. The term palliative care refers to the withholding and / or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment in patients with terminal illness, to prevent or relieve suffering and allow death to occur (World Health Organisation, 2015). In all patients, and children in particular, the World Health Organisation (2015: n.p.) highlights that palliative care must be a holistic process, one which provides active total care of the childs body, mind and spirit, and [which] also involves giving support to the family. Palliative care is concerned with providing a terminally ill neonate with the best conditions in which to live and with facilitating a comfortable death (Ahern, 2013; Bergstraesser, 2013). As parents are fundamental in the decision-making processes around neonatal palliation and as it is they who will be the most signific antly affected by these decisions (Branchett Stretton, 2012; Larcher, 2013), neonatal palliative care places a particular focus on caring for parents. There is consensus in the academic literature for palliation as the best model of care for neonates who are terminally ill; indeed, both the Australian College of Neonatal Nurses (2010) and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (2014) highlight palliative care as a best-practice option for terminally ill neonates in the Australian context. It is accepted that the parents of a terminally-ill neonate in palliative care require significant emotional support from neonatal nurses and other members of the health care team. Parents of palliated neonates often experience a complex emotional reaction to their situation, typically one of grief, shock and confusion (Badenhorst Hughes, 2007; Gardner Dickey, 2011). They may also experience feelings of profound loss, related not only to the impending loss of their child but al so to a loss of their expectations, aspirations, role as parents and family dynamic, etc. (Gardner Dickey, 2011). Additionally, it is not uncommon for parents to feel indecisiveness, shame or guilt about the decision to palliate their neonate (Reid et al., 2011), particularly when the outcome of the neonates condition is uncertain. There is evidence from one early Australian study to suggest that women who experience neonatal loss have significantly higher rates of psychological distress and a greater risk of clinical depression than other mothers (Boyle et al., 1996). Thus, it is essential for neonatal nurses to validate the complex emotions the parents of a palliated neonate experience as being part of a normal and healthy psychological process (Badenhorst Hughes, 2007). The provision of a clinical environment where parents complex emotions can be expressed and explored is also important. Best-practice models of neonatal palliative care recommend that parents take a lead role in the care of their infant, both in terms of decision-making and practical care (PSANZ, 2009; Australian College of Neonatal Nurses, 2010). Whilst some parents may resist providing care for and thus becoming attached to a palliated neonate, fearing that this will increase the degree and duration of their grief following the childs death, there is evidence to suggest this is not the case for many parents (Gardner Dickey, 2011). There is also evidence which indicates that many parents regret not spending more time with their deceased neonate, both prior to and following death (Williams et al., 2008). Thus, the literature recommends that parents should be treated by neonatal nurses as welcome partners in the care of their baby (Griffin, 2013). Parents should also be encouraged and supported to be involved in the care of their baby to the extent that they feel comfortable doing so (PSANZ, 2009). So that parents may be meaningfully and safely involved in the care of their palliated baby, it is important that neonatal nurses provide them with the information they require to make informed decisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and this may begin in the palliation planning phase. Developing a flexible, transparent and family-centred palliation plan is essential, and so that their preferences are met, parents should take a key role in this process (Williamson et al., 2009). The palliation plan must focus on enabling open caregiving policies, highlight parents wishes for their neonate and be legally documented (Breeze et al., 2007; Wiliamson et al., 2009; Gardner Dickey, 2011). Whilst most parents wish to be involved in decisions and planning around end-of-life care for their neonate, they may find this responsibility overwhelming (Williams et al., 2008). Parents will be exposed to a range of options and opinions which they must synthesise in order to make the best decisions for their family; however, it is important for neonatal nurses to realise that highly emotive situa tions can often cause significant deficits in parents ability to comprehend and process such information (Williams et al., 2008). Evidence suggests that repetition printed literature is important in the provision of information to parents in situations involving neonatal death (PSANZ, 2009). The timing and delivery of the information provided by neonatal nurses should also be carefully planned to ensure maximal uptake (PSANZ, 2009). Australian guidelines recommend that when supporting the parents of a palliated neonate, neonatal nurses focus on the normalcy of parenthood wherever possible (PSANZ, 2009). Neonatal nurses should assist parents to engage in normal parenting opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including holding, changing and bathing their baby, and routine interactions such as reading cues and providing comfort à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if they feel able to do so (PSANZ, 2009). For babies with longer palliative periods and where the babys condition permits, feeding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â‚¬Å" including breastfeeding or the feeding of expressed breast milk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is also an important consideration. Normal rituals associated with infancy, such as naming ceremonies and baptism, should also be followed if the family consider these to be important (PSANZ, 2009; Weidner et al., 2011). A palliated neonates relationship with extended family may also be an important consideration for many families. Though visiting in intensive care nurseries is often restricted to parents, photographs and videos of the baby may be shared with extended family members and these relatives may be encouraged to send toys, clothing and nursery decorations, etc. for the baby in return (PSANZ, 2009). Research suggests that the support of family is a significant factor in the recovery of parents from the death of a neonate; indeed, the grief of parents may be enhanced when there is a lack of familial engagement with a palliated neonate (Gardner Dickey, 2011). Grief of the family its elf is also essential to consider; for example, there is evidence to suggest that better outcomes are achieved when grandparents and siblings are engaged with parents in the process of bereaving a deceased neonate (Roose Blanford, 2011). The literature suggests that the creation of tangible memories is fundamentally important to the parents of a palliated neonate, and this is included as a recommendation in Australian perinatal mortality guidelines (Capitulo, 2005; PSANZ, 2009). Memories collected may include photographs and videos, prints or casts of the hands and feet, locks of hair, identification bracelets or cards, toys and gifts, nursery decorations, and blankets, hats or clothing, etc. (De Lisle-Porter Podruchny, 2009; PSANZ, 2009). It is important to note that many parents, and particularly those in denial of their babys palliative state, may resist collecting such memories; in this case, it is recommended that hospitals do so and hold these with the babys clinical docu mentation until such time as the family is ready to receive them (PSANZ, 2009). So that parents may maximise the quality time they spend with their neonate, it is important for neonatal nurses consider the wider social factors which may affect them and their families (Ahern, 2013). Issues related to finances, employment commitments, accommodation, transport and the care of other children should be referred to a hospital social worker. Where required, postnatal medical attention in a clinical area where the mother will not be in close proximity to other healthy neonates, in addition to the suppression of lactation, are important (Badenhorst Hughes, 2007). The environment in which the palliative care takes place must also be considered; Australian guidelines suggest that this environment should be private, comfortable, peaceful and supportive (Kain, 2006; PSANZ, 2009). Once the decision has been made to palliate a neonate, all treatment which is not essential to the babys comfo rt must be withheld and withdrawn. This includes removing all inessential intravenous lines, invasive ventilation, monitors and pharmaceutical treatment. As the neonate begins to decline physiologically and the activity of the gastrointestinal system reduces, nasogastric feeding and hydration should also be ceased (Porta Frader, 2007). Administering an appropriate dose of narcotic analgesia to relieve discomfort and sedate the respiratory drive may be useful (Williams et al., 2008; Carter Jones, 2013); however, parents should be assured that this does not constitute euthanasia, which is illegal in Australia. At this stage, the end-of-life rituals should be conducted according to parental preference (Ahern, 2013). As the neonate progressively declines, it is essential that neonatal nurses prepare parents with information about how the babys death will likely occur. This includes the possibility of the neonate rapidly decompensating and displaying distressing signs such as hypoxic a gitation, gasping, intercostal recession, pallour and temperature loss (Brosig et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2008; Carter Jones, 2013). Information provided should also include the fact that timing to death cannot be predicted (Williams et al., 2008). Parents should be given a choice as to whether they remain with the neonate during death. Following death, parents should be provided with the opportunity to hold, change or bathe their baby if they wish to do so (PSANZ, 2009). Whilst many parents are reluctant to or even fear engaging with their deceased baby, there is evidence to suggest that no parent regrets this experience and that many find it valuable (Capitulo, 2005). The policies of most maternity services in Australia allow parents to view their neonate as many times they wish, and some may also provide parents with the option of taking the baby home for a short period (PSANZ, 2009). Once the parents are ready, neonatal nurses should assist them to complete death registr ation and autopsy documents, as appropriate. Nurses should also support parents to organise a funeral through a company of their choice; in Australia, a funeral is legally required for all neonates born at or over 20 weeks gestation. A funeral is particularly important for many parents in terms of achieving closure (Williams et al., 2008). Most literature recommends that the parents who have experienced a neonatal death receive early supported discharge from hospital (Gardner Dickey, 2011). Referral to support services in the parents own community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including general practitioners, counsellors and peer support groups, etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are essential considerations. Follow-up is also important; for example, if an autopsy was performed, neonatal nurses should communicate these results to parents in a timely manner (PSANZ, 2009; Reid et al., 2011). Additionally, many parents find personal follow-up, including telephone calls and cards, from the neonatal nurse s who cared for their baby to be meaningful (Weidner et al., 2011), reinforcing that their child was important and will be remembered. In the Australian tertiary health care system, best practice in the care of a terminally-ill neonate and the neonates family centres on the provision of holistic care. As they are an interdependent system, holistic care involves the complete physical and psychological care of both the neonate and the family. This paper has discussed the best practice holistic care of a terminally ill neonate and the neonates family in the context of the Australian tertiary health care system. It has demonstrated that whilst holistic care may be challenging to achieve, it is essential in delivering the best positive outcomes in a complex situation such as neonatal palliation. References Ahern, K., (2013), What neonatal intensive care nurses need to know about neonatal palliative care, Advances in Neonatal Care, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 108-114. Australian College of Neonatal Nurses 2010, Palliative Care in the Neonatal Nursery: Guidelines for Neonatal Nurses in Australia, viewed 04 October 2015, https://acnn.sslsvc.com/acnn-resources/clinical-guidelines/G3-Palliative-care-in-the-neonatal-nursery.pdf Badenhorst, W., Hughes, P., (2007), Psychological aspects of perinatal loss, Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 249-259. Bergstraesser, E., (2013), Pediatric palliative care: When quality of lie becomes the main focus of treatment, European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 172, no. 2, pp. 139-115. Boyle, FM., Vance, JC., Najman, JM., Thearle, JM., (1996), The mental health impact of stillbirth, neonatal death or SIDS: Prevalence and patterns of distress among mothers, Social Science Medicine, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1273-1282. Branchett, K., Str etton, J., (2012), Neonatal palliative and end of life care: What parents want from professionals, Journal of Neonatal Nursing, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 40-44. Breeze, ACG., Lees, CC., Kumar, A., Missfelder-Lobos, HH., Murdoch, EM., (2007), Palliative care for prenatally diagnosed lethal fetal abnormality, Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 56-58. Brosig, CL., Pierucci, RL., Kupst, MJ., Leuthner, SR., (2007), Infant end-of-life care: The parents perspective, Journal of Perinatology, vol. 27, no. 510-516. Capitulo, KL., (2005), Evidence for healing interventions with perinatal bereavement, The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 389-396. Carter, BS., Jones, PM., (2013), Evidence-based comfort care for neonates towards the end of life, Seminars in Fetal Neonatal Medicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 88-92. De Lisle-Porter, M., Podruchny, AM., (2009), The dying neonate: Family-centred end-of-life care, Neonatal Network, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 75-83. Gardner, SL., Dickey, LA., (2011), Grief and Perinatal Loss, in SL Gardner, BS Carter, M Enzman-Hones JA Hernandez (eds.), Merenstein Gardners Handbook of Neonatal Intensive care, Australian Academic Press, Queensland. Griffin, T., (2013), A family-centred visitation policy in the neonatal intensive care unit that welcomes parents as partners, The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 160-165. Kain, VJ., (2006), Palliative care delivery in the NICY: What barriers to neonatal nurses face?, Neonatal Network, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 387-392. Larcher, V., (2013), Ethical considerations in neonatal end-of-life care, Seminars in Fetal Neonatal Medicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 105-110. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ) 2009, Clinical Practice Guideline for Perinatal Mortality, viewed 04 October 2015, https://www.stillbirthalliance.org.au/doc/Section_1_Version_2.2_April_2009.pdf Porta, N., Frader, J., (2007), Withhold ing hydration and nutrition in newborns, Theoretical Medicine Bioethics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 443-451. Reid, S., Bredemeyer, S., van den Berg, C., Cresp, T., Martin, T., Miara, N., Coombs, S., Heaton, M., Pussell, K., Wooderson, S., (2011), Palliative care in the neonatal nursery, Neonatal, Paediatric Child Health Nursing, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 2-8. Roose, RE., Blanford, CR., (2011), Perinatal grief and support spans the generations: Parents and grandparents evaluations of an intergenerational perinatal bereavement program, Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 77-85. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 2014, Paediatric Palliative Care: The Role of the GP, viewed 04 October 2015, https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/april/paediatric-palliative-care/ Weidner, NJ., Cameron, M., Rebecca, C., McBride, J., Mathias, EJ., Byczkowski, TL., (2011), End-of-life care for the dying child: What matters most to parents, Journal of Palliative Care, vo l. 27, no. 4, pp. 279-286. Williams, C., Munson, D., Zupancic, J., Kirpalani, H., (2008), Supporting bereaved parents: Practical steps in providing compassionate perinatal and neonatal end-of-life care, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 335-340. Williamson, A., Devereux, C., Shirtliffe, J., (2009), Development of a care pathway for babies being discharged from a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit to a community setting for end-of-life care, Journal of Neonatal Nursing, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 164-168. World Health Organisation 2015, WHO Definition of Palliative Care, viewed 04 October 2015, https://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/

Find Out Whos Concerned About Argumentative Essay Topics on Technology and Why You Should Be Paying Attention

Find Out Who's Concerned About Argumentative Essay Topics on Technology and Why You Should Be Paying Attention Explain whether Google has an effect on society. Getting literate in technology or the net is so popular that many believe it will no longer be essential to read conventional books as the principal source of material for education. Actually it is just one aspect of technology. Using technologies like the Internet for a teaching tool in schools really isn't the matter now because it is pervasively utilized. The government should work in collaboration with several stakeholders and the regional communities to conserve wildlife. Irrespective of this, a current survey proves that technology is initiating numerous difficulties. The fact remains the modern family is technology and societal media. To conclude, it is dependent on how you use technology. New Step by Step Roadmap for Argumentative Essay Topics on Technology Technology affects people throughout the Earth, both positively and negatively. It has become a part of our lives. You should clarify how some specific technology affects people. Today technology is quite significant in society for the reason that it makes life simpler to live on and less time consuming. Some topics which you might opt to utilize for your paper helping listed below. You are able to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Figure out which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on whic h will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. For instance, there are now thousands of absolutely free on-line courses readily available on YouTube that everyone can watch and learn from any place in the world. You've got Internet websites and library resources available. You may use several examples which can be found on the world wide web at no cost. Students use computers to produce presentations and also take advantage of the net to perform research on an assortment of topics for their essays and papers. The End of Argumentative Essay Topics on Technology Since you can see, several of the topics listed are new and tackle the recent issues happening in the World today. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Also, selecting the most suitable topic is crucial. Selecting an emotional topic is also a super b idea. 1 aspect where the capacity of humans may initially be regarded as a case of deteriorating minds is the usage of net and mobile phones. The exact same issue is all about work. It's also required to mention lots of IT factors that have negative influence on the physiological condition and wellness of the student. One of the greatest approaches to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. Argumentative Essay Topics on Technology - What Is It? When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant issue to do is to select a topic and an argument that you may really get behind. Some individuals say it does not have the sincerity of handwritten letters. They might think that the good content may be written on any topic and the paper success depends only on the mastery of the writer. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It will require you to take a particular stance about the topic you are writing about. Locating good essay topics you could discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a tough work. The Argumentative Essay Topics on Technology Trap There are invariably a wide selection of opinions on the topic of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on this issue. Such usage is the sole clear evidence of understanding. Needless to say, you can observe the phenomena of human laziness alongside developed technology in some place. The reliance on technology ends in isolation. Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight which may bring superior arguments on the issue. You're probably conscious of the basic arguments. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Many big businesses in the world are undergoing processes of modernization. Using alternative energy sources have for a lengthy time been discussed in various worldwide forums. There have been lots of studies done recently regarding how the modern family is being affected by technology and societal media. The most recent technologies additionally help to increase the creation of products and distinct crops. Some individuals even use computers to do each of the things they would like to do. A number of the TV's benefits that it might help the learners in various wa ys. Some people would rather find the most recent news through the net or TV. A good deal of people consider technology as the net.

The Effects Of Standardized Cognitive Tests On Student...

There is an exorbitant amount of focus on standardized cognitive tests in K-12 education today - particularly measures of intelligence and achievement. The usefulness of these tests notwithstanding, they are limited in that they provide an incomplete picture of a student’s abilities and needs. Having worked 14 years as an English teacher at Bergen County Technical School of Paramus (Bergen Tech), a vocational-technical high school with a predominantly special needs population, I find it unfortunate that the educational psychologists with whom I work have in recent years been directed to focus on cognitive tests such as the Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, to the exclusion of non-cognitive measures that could provide insight into student emotional health and personality. For school staff endeavoring to help students negotiate the path to adulthood and guide them toward brighter more fulfilling futures, personality assessment could be used to help clarify needs, determine the severity of problems, make predictions about future behaviors, and aid in educational recommendations. It is necessary to highlight some of the complications unique to Bergen Tech Paramus and other vo-tech schools so as to fully appreciate the potential benefit of reintroduction of regular personality testing. Unlike the trade schools prevalent in Western Europe, which are regarded as normal and respectable paths to gainful employment, vo-tech schools in theShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of The Ant Queen1357 Words   |  6 Pagessystems’ seemingly uncoordinated patterns. 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HM Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3461 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Does the Company Educate its Consumers or Does it Serve a Unique Market Segment? ABSTRACT In the current retailing market, Hennes and Mauritz AB (HM) remains a unique phenomenon in part due to the observable difference in the behavior of the companys customers. This study evaluates two theories attempting to explain the deviation in HM customers behaviour-patterns. The first theory suggests that the customers behaviour is attitude-bound and learned-taught through the customer-company interaction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "HM Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order The second theory argues that HM customers belong to a genuinely unique market segment. The researcher surveyed 160 shoppers at HM and one of the department stores and used a grounded-theory approach to analyse the data. The results substantiated the first theory claiming that shopping behaviours were taught and learned. The study had an important practical value. However, its results were subject to l reliability and validity threats; thus, further research would be required to confirm the findings. I. INTRODUCTION The issues of consumer relationships have been the focus of marketing research inquiries for at least a century. In the last decade, with the discovery of organizational core competences, relationship knowledge experienced a new wave of research interest and was named among the leading strategic powers of an organization (Hamel Prahalad 1994, pp. 3-5; Bergenhenegouwen et al. 1986, p. 29). Hennes and Mauritz AB (HM) stands out in its respective market largely because of the companys unique and innovative approach to serving its customers. Moreover, the company is frequently cited for its ability to create customer needs rather than address the existing market requests (Kumar 1997, p. 834). As an intangible attribute of the companys market activities, the companys relationship knowledge is invisible to the observer; therefore, HM customer relations cannot be analysed directly (Petts 1997, p. 551). However, it is possible to explore this attribute indirectly through its effec t on HM consumers. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate HM consumers shopping-behaviour patterns and to compare them to the behaviour of department-store shoppers. The outcomes of the comparison were expected to explain the foundation of HMs consumer-relationship strategy as aimed at changing their consumers behaviour or at serving a pre-defined market segment. To introduce the reader to the topic, the second chapter of this paper offers an overview of the company as well as a summary of the relevant theories. The third chapter describes the methodology utilized in the study. Chapters IV and V present and discuss the findings while the conclusion overviews the process to evaluate the practical and theoretical utility of the presented research. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Company overview HM is a clothing retailer with its operations primarily set in Europe, North America, and Asia (Datamonitor 2006, p. 4). The company is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden and employs 68,000 workers in more than 1,500 outlets worldwide (Datamonitor 2006, p. 4). HMs strategic approach is to offer designer clothes to general population at affordable prices; the company works with such brand names as Stella McCartney, Karl Lagerfeld, and Roberto Cavalli (Capell Beucke 2005, p. 16; Kroll 2004, p. 71; Zimmerman 2009, p. D1). HM builds its strengths by operating through complementary retail channels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" stores, Internet, and catalogues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" in several geographic locations and by offering a balanced product mix, which appeals to a number of customer audiences (Datamonitor 2006, p. 5). However, currently, the company faces the threat of decreasing retail sales in Eurozone amplified by strong competition from Target and Wal-Mart (Datamonitor 2006, pp. 6- 7). HM Consumer Relations According to Kumar, the new age of retailing is characterized by the changing relationships between retailers and their customers (1997, pp. 834-835). More specifically, HM belongs to a group of retailers, which learned how to drive the market by driving the consumers behaviours instead of being driven by them (Kumar 1997, p. 834). Kumar argues that by adopting EDLP (everyday low pricing) strategy, HM teaches fashion buyers to not wait for department-store sales but rather buy HM low-price brand-name products (1997, p. 834). Raugust expands the discussion to claim that, in addition to the prices, HM changes customers behaviour by creating a thrilling shopping experience (2004, p. S10). The company renews its store inventory daily; therefore, even the customers who come to the store every day can expect to discover new deals on each shopping trip (Raugust 2004, p. S10). Thus, HM manages to keep their stores intriguing for its customers and to make them return more often tha n they would otherwise. Both media and empirical research observe behaviourist differences in HM consumers. However, potentially, there are two explanations for the mentioned deviation. First, as suggested by Kumar, HM strategy might persuade the consumers to adopt new behaviours. Second, HM customers might belong to a different consumer segment characterized by unique behaviours; they choose HM because it is a better fit for their needs. Currently, there is no research that reliably supports one or the other hypothesis. Shopping-Behaviour Theories According to Smith and Lux, current knowledge of how consumers behave in the market place predominantly consists of unrelated still photos depicting consumers at isolated times and places (1993, p. 607). Bass and Talarzyk argue that there are strong causal relationships between attitudes, brand preference, and purchasing behaviour (1972, p. 93). Therefore, the attitudinal trends might serve as the link between the consumers past, present, and forecasted behaviours and be the key to explaining these behaviours. Moreover, if attitude modification is proven to affect the behaviour then HM is, in fact, able to transform its consumers behaviours by altering their attitudes toward shopping. In contrast with Bass and Talarzyk, Bower and Christensen claim that by offering new disruptive approach to shopping, companies like HM create value proposition for a different and less-demanding group of consumers (1995, p. 43). These consumers feel over-served by the traditional department s tore; they cannot adopt mainstream shopping behaviours and, thus, prefer not to shop at all (Christensen Raynor 2003, pp. 10-12). By creating the environment in which shopping is simpler but more exciting, HM bring these unique group of consumers back to the market (Christensen Raynor 2003, pp. 10-12). There is one key difference between the attitude-bounded behaviour theory and the disruptive-technology theory. The former claims that consumers change their behaviour as related to one area of their activities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" e.g. apparel shopping à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" while adhering to mainstream behaviours in other areas: e.g. grocery or house-ware shopping (Kumar 1997, p. 834). Contrary to that, the disruptive-technology theory argues that consumers attracted by HM belong to a genially different segment and display the same behaviourist patterns regardless of the product/service, for which they shop (Christensen Raynor 2003, pp. 10-12). The empirical support of one or the other claim will establish the validity of the respective theory. Study Problem Statement The problem addressed in this study is the lack of theoretical consensus on the deviations in the behaviour of HM customers. The researcher believes that this study has significant implications in the field of management as it investigates the validity of Kumars argument (1997, p. 834). The study explores whether HM teaches its customers to adopt new attitudes and behaviours or whether Kumars observation is a market illusion and HM is attracting consumers characterized by existing shopping-behaviour patterns. If proven right, either of the hypotheses would influence both the theory and practice of strategic marketing in the retail sector. III. METHOD Purpose Statement The purpose of this study was to explore if the   behaviour of HM customers is different from the behaviour of department store customers when shopping for goods other than clothes. Research Questions 1. Does the shopping behaviour of HM customers differ from the behaviour of department-store consumers when shopping for beauty products? 2. Does the shopping behaviour of HM customers differ from the behaviour of department-store consumers when shopping for home dÃÆ' ©cor and house-wear? 3. Does the shopping behaviour of HM customers differ from the behaviour of department-store consumers when shopping for clothes? 4. Does the shopping behaviour of HM customers differ from the behaviour of department-store consumers when shopping for grocery and food? Study Design, Procedures, and Timelines The data collection for this study was performed with a help of a paper-based survey. The researcher approached potential respondents while they were shopping at HM and a selected department store and invited them to participate in the survey. Those who agreed were given the survey, a pen, and the necessary instructions. While attempting to increase the likelihood of the respondents taking the survey, the researcher used an attractive design for the questionnaire (Robson 1993, pp. 5-15). The data collection stage of the study lasted for one week: March 9-15, 2009. It was followed by two weeks of data coding and four more weeks of data analysis. The choice in favour of a paper-based face-to-face survey was dictated by two factors. First, the populations were physically available for a face-to-face survey while the access to the populations contact information would be restricted (Alreck Settle 2004, pp. 15-22). Second, this method was highly effective in terms of the outco me for the monetary and time inputs (Miles Huberman 1994, p. 28). Population and Sample The population under study was all the consumers, who shopped at HM regardless of the frequency of their shopping trips or the amount spent on purchases. The population was inclusive of both genders and all age groups. The shoppers at one selected department store served as a control population for the purposes of comparative analysis of the studied populations behaviour patterns. This study was categorized as marketing rather than empirical; therefore, the size of the sample was estimated at 160 participants. This number allowed the researcher to expect a liberal degree of confidence at 80% and a relatively large sampling error of 10% (Birchall, https://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=23Itemid=1). The researcher chose a convenience sampling technique: the participants of the study were recruited among the volunteers, who shopped at HM and the department store during the week of March 9-15 and who agreed to take the survey (Miles Hube rman 1994, p. 28). By selecting the research sites à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" HM and the department store à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the researcher attempted to ensure that the participants had the experience relevant to the study: they had shopped at both stores at least once (Creswell 2007, p. 128). Data Collection Instrument All the participants of the study were offered to take the same questionnaire regardless of their shopping destination. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: theme questions and demographic questions. There were four themes: shopping for cloth, beauty products, grocery, and housekeeping products. The instrument had two identical questions for each theme: 1) how often do you shop for a theme product during an average month and 2) on average, what amount do you spend on a shopping trip. The answers to the first question were measured on a four-point Likert-type scale: 1 (once or twice a month), 2 (once a week), 3 (two-three times a week), 4 (every day). The second question was open-ended. The group of demographic questions inquired on the respondents gender, age, employment status, and combined household income. The respondents gender was defined as male or female. The questions about age and household income were open-ended. The employment-status question had six possibl e answers: employed part-time, employed full-time, unemployed, retired, student, and housekeeper. Study Limitations Despite of the researchers desire to conduct an extensive investigation, the study had to remain within a realistic framework established by its purposes as well as external forces. The problem of access to the population affected the studys data collection activities by limiting the variability of research sites (Homan 2001, p. 329). The data was collected at one HM outlet and one department store, which permitted the surveying of their customers (Wanat 2008, p. 195). In addition, the research was limited by internal boundaries set by the researcher (Counelis 2000, p. 58). Considering the resources assigned to this study, the researcher limited the geographic location of the research populations to one specific city and the period of data collection to one week. Ethical Concerns Several ethical concerns had to be addressed as the study progressed. First, the author had to ensure the anonymity of the participants (American Psychologist 1992, p. 1598). Any unfavourable remarks might have resulted in the disruption of the customers relationships with HM or the participating department store. Therefore, the researcher restrained from collecting any identifiable information and reported the data in aggregate (American Psychologist 1992, p. 1598). Next, the author had to preserve the confidentiality of the participating department store to prevent the negative effect of the consumers statements and the findings of the study on the stores business reputation (American Psychologist 1992, pp. 1599-1600). The author omitted the name of the store throughout the study report The next ethical area was the voluntary participation in the study (American Psychologist 1992, pp. 1599-1600). To ensure the participants voluntarism, prior to giving the respondents the questionnaire, the researcher explained to them their right to refuse to answer any question or to exit the study at any point (American Psychologist 1992, pp. 1599-1600). Finally, the study was based on the assumption that HM was a successful retailer and the goal of the researcher was to confirm that assumption. Nevertheless, the researcher strived to provide unbiased data, which could be reliably applied in the field of marketing and management (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.21). IV. FINDINGS The goal of the study was to contribute to reducing the theoretical gap in understanding consumer behaviour. The aims and expected outcomes of the study justified the researchers choice to analyse the data from the grounded theory perspective (Creswell 2007, p. 10). This approach is used to explore large groups of people and to develop an abstract framework, which can be expanded into a theory (Creswell 2007, p. 10). The data analysis was performed as a series of t-tests comparing HM and department store shoppers in each theme question separately (Field 2005, p. 125). The relationships between the respondents demographics and their shopping behaviour were analysed through three types of correlations: for both respondents groups together, HM consumers separately, and department store consumers separately (Field 2005, p. 107). There were no statistically significant difference between HM and department store consumers on their behaviour related to shopping for grocery/food and home dÃÆ' ©cor. However, the behaviour of these two groups was statistically significantly different when they shopped for clothes and beauty products (p0.5). HM consumers were shopping almost twice more often than the department store customers; moreover, the former spend more per each shopping trip than the latter. There were no statistically significant correlation between the respondents demographics and their shopping behaviour for any of the groups. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the difference in shopping behaviour was not due to demographic differences within the groups of respondents. Overall, HM customers had proven to deviate from the mainstream shopping behaviours when they shop for clothes and beauty products but they continue to adhere to the traditional behaviours when shopping for other types of goods. Considering similar roles of beauty products and clothes in peoples life, the findings support Kumars theory that shopping behaviour c an be taught to the consumers by their retailers. V. DISCUSSION This research is subject to several threats to reliability and validity. First, by choosing to study a convenience sample and by limiting the number/location of sites, the researcher introduced a selection bias (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.17). This threat is induced by convenience and volunteer samples, which members might not be representative of the overall populations (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.17). Related to the selection bias, the convenience sample causes low generalizability of the findings (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.30). This threat is common to most of the studies and is often a trade-off for the freedom from researcher bias (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.30). Next, the results might be affected by the matching bias (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.22). The researcher chose the study and control populations based on the assumption of existing similarities between the two. However, this assumption might be wrong; and the populations could be genuinely different. Finally, the study could be a subject to temporal validity in a case if the consumers preference of HM was due to the effect of economic downturn (Onwuegbuzie 2000, p.31). To evaluate this threat, the researcher would need to replicate the study after the current recession is over. Despite the threats listed above, this study has a practical utility because it contributes to bridging the theoretical gap in understanding the deviations of HM consumers behaviour (Kumar 1997, p. 834). However, to result in an actual addition to the field of knowledge, the study has to be replicated on a different (random) sample and in a more favourable economic context (Gordon Brown 2004, p. 3). VI. CONCLUSION In conclusion, effective relationships with the customers are a strong competitive advantage of a retailer because they allow a company to obtain first-hand information about the changes in the consumers needs. They help the company modify its offer in a timely manner and more successfully than its uninformed competitors. The outcomes of this study confirm the theory suggesting that the company could be an active agent in its relationships with the customers. Moreover, it can educate its customers and induce their behaviour-change instead of passively reacting to the change that happens naturally. This is a revolutionary thought, which can transform the balance of powers in retailing and lead to dramatic changes in the field of strategic marketing. However, even though this study confirms the hypothesis, suggested by the theory, the research findings are subject to several threats challenging their validity. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a longitudinal study and repli cate the survey several times with several different populations. If this series of surveys produces positive outcomes, the theory can be transformed into practical models applicable to strategic marketing. VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alreck, P. L. Settle, R. B. (2004, 3rd ed.) The survey research handbook. Irwin: McGraw-Hill. Bass, F. M. and Talarzyk, W. W. (1972) An Attitude Model for the Study of Brand Preference, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 9 Issue 1, pp. 93-96. Bergenhenegouwen, G. J. et al. (1986)  « Competence Development à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Challenge for HRM Professionals: Core Competences of Organizations as Guidelines for the Development of Employees, Journal of European Industrial Training, vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 29-35. Birchall, J. Sampling and Samples Written by Joan Birchall from Rainbow Research. Retrieved on April 28, 2009, from https://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=23Itemid=1 Bower, J. L. and Christensen, C. M. (1995) Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave, Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 43-53. Capell, K. and Beucke, D. (2005, June 6) Attention Frugal Fashionistas, Business Week, Issue 3936, p. 16. Christen sen, C. M. and Raynor, M. E. (2003) The Innovators Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth. New York: Harvard Business School Press. Counelis, J. S. (2000) Generic Research Design in the Study of Education: A Systemic Typology, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, No. 17, pp. 51-63. Creswell, J. W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Datamonitor (2008, September 1) HM Hennes and Mauritz: Company Profile. London: Charles House. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (1992) American Psychologist, vol. 47, December, pp. 1597-1611. Field, A. (2005) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage. Gordon, W. A. and Brown, M. (2004) Building Research Capacity: the Role of Partnerships. Retrieved on April 28, 2009, from https://www.foundationforpmr.org/summit/Gordon%20Partnerships%20Paper.doc. Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. (1994) Competing for the Future. Boston: Harvard Business School Pr ess. Homan, R. (2001) The Principle of Assumed Consent: The Ethics of Gatekeeping, Journal of Philosophy of Education, vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 329-343. Kroll, B. (2004) Designer Dresses for Less, Time, vol. 164, Issue 4, p. 71. Kumar, N. (1997) The Revolution in Retailing: from Market Driven to Market Driving, Long Range Planning, vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 830-835. Miles, M. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2000) Expanding the Framework of Internal and External Validity in Quantitative Research, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Educational Research (AAER), Ponte Vedra, FL, November 21, pp. 1-61. Petts, N. (1997) Building Growth on Core Competences: A Practical Approach, Long Range Planning, vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 551-561. Raugust, K. (2004) Hennes and Mauritz, Advertising Age, vol. 75, Issue 44, p. S10. Robson C. (1993) Real World Research: a Resource for Social S cientists and Practitioner-Researchers, Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. Smith, R. A. and Lux, D. S (1993) Historical Method in Consumer Research: Developing Causal Explanations of Change, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 19, pp. 595-610. Wanat, C. L. (2008) Getting Past the Gatekeepers: the Difference between Access and Cooperation in Public School Research, Field Methods, vol. 20, Issue 2, May, pp. 195-199. Zimmerman, A. (2009, April 21) Do Discount Designer Duds Make The Grade? Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition, vol. 253, Issue 92, pp. D1-D7.

Plastic Surgery - 1719 Words

1 Contents 1 Thesis statement 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Plastic Surgery 5 3.1 Methods 1 3.2 Reasons 3 3.3 Reputation of Plastic surgery 3 3.4 Pro ´s and Con ´s 4 3.5 Safeness 4 4 Discussion 7 2 Thesis statement â€Å"Plastic surgery does not always work† The following text deals with the plastic surgery. Whether plastic surgery always works is questionable. When people hear about plastic surgery, most of them tend to connect it with Hollywood. At the present time it is no longer surprising that people operate their body parts, even at the age of 18. But why not think about reconstructive surgery. There are thousands of cases of skin cancer, sears or deformity of body parts. The following paragraphs also report issues such as,†¦show more content†¦The number of people who want to look as young as possible through cosmetic and operational methods is increasing enormously. About 40,000 Austrians - 90 percent of women - put themselves under the knife each year. And nearly 11,5 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in the U.S in 2005 3 Plastic Surgery 3.1. History The first applications of plastic surgery have been over 2000 years ago in ancient India, described â€Å"Ayur -Veda . There were attempts to restore noses from the forehead skin, as it was the custom to cut off criminals for punishment ears, nose and lips. First this type of â€Å"operation† appeared in 1450 in a similar way in Italy. There, the Sicilian doctor Branca from Catania took the forearm skin for nasal reconstruction. Since at the time the general public as willed by God viewed mutilations and the doctors came up with plastic surgery and the method employed in disrepute into oblivion. In the 19th century, the rhino plastic experienced the first time recognition. The German surgeon Dieffenbach, documented 1824 the first rhino plastic for purely aesthetic reasons, on a butchers wife with a quite big nose. The first face-lifts were performed in 1919 in France. Some time later, breast augmentations in Japan were performed. For this purpose, initially autologous fat grafting was performed. As the early 20th Century Jacques Joseph docked protruding ears and published this,Show MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1496 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery has become an extremely popular trend throughout the past years of the American culture. There are many reasons why people get plastic surgery, however, our society is the first to judge an individual for getting a procedure done. The controversy regarding plastic surgery is extremely relevant and has received major attention through celebrities, television, and social media. However, many individuals are unaware that there is a difference between both plastic surgery and cosmeticRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery1836 Words   |  8 PagesNorfolk, Va.† (Goleman, 1991). I know many of you have heard of cosmetic surgery, also known as â€Å"plastic surgery†. 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In the past three decades, surgeons, magazine editors, and book authors have been investigating the consequences, good and bad, of having cosmetic surgery at suchRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery And Teenagers2046 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to â€Å"Plastic Surgery Teenagers†, â€Å"teenagers who want to have plastic surgery usually have different motivations and goals than adults† (â€Å"Plastic Surgery For Teenagers Briefing Paper†). Thus, meaning that most young adults get cosmetic surgery, which is the reshaping of body parts to improve their physical characteristics. However, changing your physical appearance just because you wan t to or do not feel pretty enough should not be the case of spending all that money and time on a non-matured

Why School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory - 871 Words

Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals face this problem on a daily basis, which can be a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Financial burdens for parents and constant peer comparison for children. It also allows students of differing backgrounds to be brought together to express themselves equally. One can clearly see that school uniforms should become mandatory in all public education systems, K-12 in so doing, improving the overall experience for everyone involved. School uniforms would lift the burden of cost, for both parents and families. Students will naturally compete with each other, clothing is one area that could be eliminated. The wearing of fashionable clothing, while others feel the need to wear some thing extremely casual. For parents the burden of cost normally becomes theirs as children have to have, or wear certain types or brands of clothing. Thus competing with each other over clothes would end. How many parents have trouble with children picking out their clothes for school each morning? When uniforms are mandatory, parents and students do not need to spend time choosing appropriate outfits for the school day. According to a national 2013 survey, over 90% of US school leadersShow MoreRelatedWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory886 Words   |  4 PagesFocus on Education Insanity, doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for childrenRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory952 Words   |  4 PagesInsanity, doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for children. It alsoRead MoreEssay On School Uniforms1388 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Success Many schools have decided that having school uniforms is the best for their students. Other schools don’t want to limit the student’s freedom of speech. Schools can’t decide which is the best - have uniforms or not. School uniforms should be mandatory for all students considering the cost, right to freedom and academic success. One reason why school uniforms should be mandatory is the cost. It is more economical for people because it will be cheaper to buy uniforms rather than to haveRead MoreBenefits Of A Uniformed School Day1550 Words   |  7 PagesA Uniformed School Day Uniforms have been a key element in promoting a successful, safe and unified establishment. Those successful establishments could possibly include a private high school, a sporting team, or even a business. Typically, private schools enforce the policy that a uniform most be worn by all enrolled students. But why hasn’t the majority of traditional public schools, developed uniform policies? Benefits of uniforms within schools may include, students feeling more professionalRead MoreChanges Of The American School System1210 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican school systems. In fact, once American schools are reformed it would make it easier for those who want to learn receive an education. In the essay, â€Å"Lets’ Really Reform Our Schools† by Anita Garland, Garland explains why schools need to be reformed. Garland claims that American schools are in trouble and that they are a disaster. Garland also mentions that one needs to restructure his thinking about the whol e purpose of going to school. To start off, attendance shouldn’t be mandatory and oneRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1280 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout my time in school I was consistently filled with anxiety over looking my best, and I am sure many other people (girls especially) felt this from middle school through high school. The solution is uniforms! In schools where uniforms are not mandatory, the stress of â€Å"keeping up with the Jones† can create a lot of differences and struggles for students. 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Essay on space free essay sample

Do aliens really exist? It could be true or false. Everybody knows that space is a big universe, full with many unknown creature and objects that people have never seen before. In order to gain more knowledge about space, scientists spend a lot of money on research. The money we spend on space exploration should be giving people many beneficial factors in return, but it only gives people problems to solve. Searching for unrealistic things can be a real waste of time. The government should concentrate on things that are more important and less dangerous than space exploration. Space exploration is not important and dangerous because the humans can damages the original form of space, giving people new diseases, and wasting important money. After people change the order of space, it can never be undone again. The natural form of the space will be gone forever. That is why exploring space is not a good decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on space or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Weather mistreatment or suffer ever demand we may place on it† (Source E). Humans try to expand their presence into space like on Earth. The human presence caused extinction, unusual weather and soil erosion. These kind of results may happen in space too if human presence were to expand on space. But if the people reverent the way space is and leave the planets alone where we found them then nothing will worsen. The scientists that want to know more about space may be willing to do any necessary steps to get the information they wanted. New, living organism is found on earth. The astronauts that went to space, may have brought new diseases to Earth. These infectious germs may cause millions of death. â€Å"The hazard that some infectious extraterrestrial germ might be riding with them† (Source F). Space is filled with living organism that people never knew it ever existed. â€Å"Because extraterrestrial life may exist, planetary exploration could bring trouble if people are not careful enough† (Source F). Even though the scientists had sterilized the hardware that used in spaced and the samples that astronauts got from there, everybody should still be cautious about it. Everyone should pay attention on how the taxpayers’ money been spend. â€Å"All others, $0. 06†¦.. including†¦.. space and technology† (Source F) A part of the taxpayers money was spent on space exploration, which is a total waste of money. The money that had been waste on space exploration could be spent on things that could benefit the people and earth. For example, the money could be spending on Medicare programs. Many people need Medicare to cover their hospital fee. Since many people in the world need medicine to cure their illness. Another choice could be, investing the money into the NIH (National Institutes of Health). â€Å"NIH scientists investigate ways to prevent disease as well as the cause, treatments, and even cures for common and rare disease† (Source D) Health is more important than space. â€Å"Don’t tell me about all the spin-off Technology†¦.. Leave the money here on Earth. † (Source H). The government has more important things to focus on, other than space exploration. Investing into space exploration is not a good choice. Since space is involved with problems that we can never solve or maybe it will causes a huge ruckus on Earth. For instance: incurable illness, economy problems and ruining the nature of space. Space is full of disastrous things and surprise that you can never imagine that it ever exists. If alien really do exist it is not as important/interesting as what happening on Earth.